Argued February 14, 2019; decided March 21, 2019

The limited issue before us concerns the enforceability of a bond issuer's obligation to pay interest on an outstanding principal debt when a claim to recover that principal is time-barred.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has asked us to decide, pursuant to section 500.27 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals (22 NYCRR), "[i]f a bond issuer remains obligated to make biannual interest payments until the principal is paid, including after the date of maturity . . . [(see NML Capital v. Republic of Argentina, 17 NY3d 250 [2011])],{**33 NY3d at 123}do enforceable claims for such biannual interest continue to accrue after a claim for the principal of the bonds is time-barred?" (890 F3d 95, 105 [2018].) We answer this question in the negative.^[FN1] Pursuant to New York common law and the terms of the indenture, in the [*2]absence of a timely action to recover principal, a bondholder cannot enforce the conditional obligation to make postmaturity interest payments.

In September 1997, defendant Province of Mendoza issued bonds valued at $250 million (the bonds). Plaintiff Moshe Marcel Ajdler is the beneficial owner of $7,050,000 of the principal amount. The bonds, which were issued pursuant to an indenture and were governed by attendant terms and conditions (collectively, the indenture), were due to mature 10 years later. The plain language of the indenture, which is to be interpreted pursuant to New York law, provides that defendant was required to pay interest in biannual installments accruing on the principal sum at a 10% annual rate. Relatedly, the language of the bonds states: "Interest shall accrue from and including the most recent date to which interest has been paid or duly provided for or, if no interest has been paid or duly provided for, from [the date the bonds were issued] until payment of said principal sum has been made or duly provided for."

Under the terms of the indenture, defendant was required to repay the principal in a lump sum on the maturity date. Moreover, the indenture states that "[e]ach Bond will cease to bear interest from [that date] unless . . . payment of principal is improperly withheld or refused." Upon defendant's failure to pay principal or interest, the indenture provides that, "[n]otwithstanding any other provision in [the] Indenture," plaintiff and the other bondholders have an "absolute and unconditional" right to "receive payment of the principal of and interest on . . . [the] Bond on the stated maturity expressed in such Bond and to institute suit for the enforcement of any such{**33 NY3d at 124} payment." The terms and conditions of the bonds further circumscribe that right, stating that "[a]ll claims against [defendant] for payment of principal of or interest . . . on or in respect of the [b]onds shall be prescribed unless made within four years from the date on which such payment first became due."

In June 2004, defendant offered, in exchange for the bonds, to issue new restructured bonds with a delayed maturity date and a lower interest percentage in anticipation of its inability to meet its obligations as a result of the evolving Argentinian sovereign debt crisis. Plaintiff rejected defendant's exchange offer. Subsequently, plaintiff did not receive any scheduled biannual interest payments or payment of his share of principal on the maturity date.

Nine and a half years after the maturity date, in March 2017, plaintiff commenced this action against defendant in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York seeking to collect his share of principal as well as all accrued and unpaid biannual interest payments to which he was entitled under the indenture. Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint, as relevant here, on the ground that plaintiff's claims were time-barred under the four-year prescription period provided in the indenture. In opposition, plaintiff relied primarily on NML Capital v Republic of Argentina (17 NY3d 250, 259 [2011]), in which we held based on a nearly identical indenture provision requiring the bond issuer to make biannual interest payments "until the principal was repaid" that, where principal was not repaid on the maturity date, the bond issuer was obligated to make interest payments until the principal was actually repaid. Plaintiff argued that because we did not expressly cabin our holding in NML Capital to timely claims for principal, defendant was obligated to make biannual interest payments until plaintiff's share of principal was actually repaid or the indenture merged into a judgment, regardless of whether the bondholder sued before a claim to recover the principal was untimely. Thus, at a minimum, plaintiff maintained that he was entitled to recover unpaid postmaturity interest payments due within what he then argued was{**33 NY3d at 125} the applicable six-year limitations period prior to commencing this action.^[FN2]

The district court granted defendant's motion to dismiss. The court held that the four-year prescription period set forth in the indenture applied, and measuring that period from the maturity date, all claims for principal and any accrued interest were time-barred (Ajdler v Province of Mendoza, 2017 WL 3635122, 2017 US Dist LEXIS 122659 [SD NY, Aug. 2, 2017, No. 17-CV-1530 (VM)]). Moreover, the court agreed with defendant that NML Capital was not intended to extend to situations in which a claim to recover the principal was untimely (2017 WL 3635122, *8-9, 2017 US Dist LEXIS 122659, *19-24).

The Second Circuit agreed that the four-year prescription period applied and that plaintiff's claim for principal was untimely (Ajdler v Province of Mendoza, 890 F3d 95 [2d Cir 2018]). Like the trial court, the Second Circuit did not find NML Capital to be unambiguously dispositive of the viability of plaintiff's claims to recover interest because "it was made in the context of a timely claim for principal" (id. at 101). However, the court considered New York law inconclusive as to the timeliness of plaintiff's claims for postmaturity interest payments that came due in the four years before plaintiff commenced this action (id.). On the one hand, the court highlighted our decision in Chapin v Posner (299 NY 31 [1949]) and its progeny stemming from the time-limited mortgage moratorium legislation enacted in the wake of the Great Depression (see e.g. Civ Prac Act §§ 1077-a, 1077-b). The court noted that those cases support defendant's argument, as they indicate that "unpaid principal on which the limitations period has run cannot give rise to new interest claims" (Ajdler, 890 F3d at 102). The court also discussed a number of cases from New York lower courts "suggesting not only that claims for post-maturity interest cannot accrue once the principal is time-barred, but that claims for interest on unpaid principal expire when the limitations period has run for recovery of the principal" (id.). The court noted that defendant's argument "might well persuade but for" plaintiff's citation to a section of the encyclopedia New York Jurisprudence sanctioning a separate action to recover postmaturity interest due on unpaid principal even where the{**33 NY3d at 126} principal is barred by the statute of limitations (id. at 102-103). That source, however, cited as its only authority an Appellate Division decision issued in partial reliance on our mortgage moratorium jurisprudence (see 72 NY Jur 2d, Interest and Usury § 54, citing Union Trust Co. of Rochester v Kaplan, 249 App Div 280 [4th Dept 1936]). The court also cited a recent Appellate Division decision that did not explicitly consider the issue here, but which impliedly indicated that the obligation to make postmaturity interest payments after a claim on the principal was time-barred was enforceable (see Amrusi v Nwaukoni, 155 AD3d 814 [2d Dept 2017]). Thus, the Second Circuit certified the two aforementioned questions for our consideration (890 F3d at 105-106), and we accepted them (see 31 NY3d 1105 [2018]).

As a general rule, we have viewed interest, which is "payable for the loan or retention of money by express contract, or as damages for non-payment of money due" (Ledyard v Bull, 119 NY 62, 74 [1890]), as incident to the principal as opposed to a separately enforceable debt (see Williamsburgh Sav. Bank v Town of Solon, 136 NY 465, 481 [1893] ["Interest, as a rule, follows the principal"]; Havender v Brodbeck, 83 Misc 9, 11 [App Term, 1st Dept 1913] ["Ordinarily interest follows the principal as the shadow does the substance" (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)]). Thus, absent contractual language to the contrary, "the receipt of the principal bars a subsequent claim for the interest for the reason that in such cases interest being a mere incident, cannot exist without the debt, and the debt being extinguished the interest must necessarily be extinguished" (Matter of Crane v Craig, 230 NY 452, 461 [1921]; see also Kaplan, 249 App Div at 283 ["(W)here several sums or installments are due upon a single contract (and such claims are single, entire, and indivisible), they must all be included within one action; otherwise a recovery upon one will constitute a bar to the others"], citing Kennedy v City of New York, 196 NY 19, 22 [1909]).^[FN3][*3]{**33 NY3d at 127}

We turn next to the question posed by the Second Circuit: whether the running of the statute of limitations on a bondholder's claim for principal impacts the recoverability of interest payments that may come due subsequent to that date under an indenture providing for the obligation to pay interest until the principal is paid.

Plaintiff maintains that the logical extension of our holding in NML Capital allows him to recover postmaturity interest payments that were due after a claim for the underlying principal is time-barred, for the four years preceding the commencement of this action. In NML Capital, the recovery of postmaturity interest payments was an incident of a timely claim for recovery of principal. Thus, the Court had no occasion to opine on the viability of claims for unpaid postmaturity interest payments after the limitations period on claims for unpaid principal have expired. Now, squarely presented with this question, we clarify that under New York law, where an indenture provides that interest is due until the principal is paid, once an action to recover outstanding principal is time-barred, there can be no freestanding claim to enforce the obligation to make postmaturity interest payments.

In NML Capital, this Court was asked to consider "whether Argentina's obligation to make biannual interest-only payments to bondholders continued after maturity or acceleration of the indebtedness and, if so, whether the bondholders were entitled to CPLR 5001 prejudgment interest on payments that were not made as a consequence of the nation's default"—i.e., interest on interest (17 NY3d at 254, 267). The indenture at issue in NML Capital contained language substantively identical to the central language in this indenture, providing that Argentina was obligated to make biannual interest payments to the bondholders "until the principal hereof is paid or made available for payment" (17 NY3d at 254). We held that "[b]y its terms, the contract contemplates that the bondholders are{**33 NY3d at 128} entitled to biannual interest payments until the principal is actually repaid in full—and not merely until the bond maturity date as Argentina suggests" (17 NY3d at 260, 262).

Plaintiff's reliance on NML Capital is misplaced. The statute of limitations applicable to the plaintiffs' claim for principal in that case had not yet run, and the novel issue we addressed concerned whether the plaintiffs were entitled to prejudgment interest on overdue postmaturity or post-acceleration interest payments. To answer that question, we relied on general principles of New York law involving prejudgment interest rates establishing that when a contract specifies the interest rate until the principal is paid, in the event of breach of the obligation to pay principal, the contract interest rate governs rather than the statutory prejudgment interest rate provided in CPLR 5001 (a) (NML Capital, 17 NY3d at 258-259, 266). We reasoned by analogy that bondholders may recover prejudgment interest at the contract rate accruing on unpaid principal but at the statutory rate accruing on unpaid postmaturity interest payments (id. at 261, 266). For timely actions, the parties' negotiated rate governs "until payment of the principal, or until the contract is merged in a judgment" (id. at 261). Thus, contrary to plaintiff's argument, NML Capital does not stand for the proposition that—in the absence of a timely claim for principal—a bondholder has a legally cognizable claim for unpaid postmaturity interest payments until the principal is actually repaid based on language in the indenture that the issuer is obligated to pay interest "until the principal hereof is paid or made available for payment."

Rather, the date when principal is due—ordinarily the maturity date—serves as a legally significant benchmark because it marks the event upon which the obligation to pay postmaturity interest is conditioned. The obligation to pay postmaturity interest is not a distinct promise of performance, but arises on the maturity date only if the bond issuer breaches the parties' agreement by failing to timely repay the principal. This is consistent with our general view that, aside from the limited mortgage moratorium exception triggered by explicit legislation,^[FN4] the recoverability of postmaturity interest payments is tethered to a claim for principal rather than "a debt {**33 NY3d at 129}capable of a distinct claim" (see Cutter v Mayor of City of N.Y., 92 NY 166, 170 [1883]; Bailey v County of Buchanan, 115 NY 297, 302 [1889] ["(T)he amount of the bond with the interest thereon" constitutes "but one debt"]; cf. Amrusi, 155 AD3d at 816^[FN5]).Once a creditor can no longer establish a right to repayment of principal, there is no basis or foundation upon which to allege a right to payment of postmaturity interest. To that end, once a claim on the principal is time-barred, a suit to recover postmaturity interest payments is not viable (see Cutter, 92 NY at 170 ["(I)nterest (not otherwise provided for independently by contract) . . . is given as damages for non-payment or detention of the money awarded . . . . It [*5]could only be recovered with the principal by action"]; Hudson Val. Ry. Co. v O'Connor, 95 App Div 6, 10 [3d Dept 1904]; see also 3 Williston on Contracts § 7:33 [4th ed 2018]) ["(W)hen the principal debt is barred by the Statute of Limitations, the claim for interest, whether contracted for or not, is also barred"]).

The rule we reiterate today effectuates the agreement negotiated by the parties and reinforces our long-standing view of interest as generally dependent on principal. Moreover, it{**33 NY3d at 130} promotes the purposes underlying the statute of limitations.^[FN6] For those reasons, we conclude that once a claim on the principal is time-barred, a claim to recover unpaid postmaturity interest payments is not legally cognizable.

Accordingly, the first certified question should be answered in the negative and the second certified question not answered as unnecessary.

Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Rivera, Stein, Fahey, Garcia and Wilson concur.

Following certification of questions by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and acceptance of the questions by this Court pursuant to section 500.27 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals (22 NYCRR), and after hearing argument by counsel for the parties and consideration of the briefs and record submitted, first certified question answered in the negative and second certified question not answered as unnecessary.