The following papers numbered 1 to 13 read herein:

Papers Numbered

Notice of Motion/Order to Show Cause/

Petition/Cross Motion and

Affidavits (Affirmations) Annexed1-36-9 [*2]

Opposing Affidavits (Affirmations)410

Reply Affidavits (Affirmations)5

Affidavit (Affirmation)

Other Papers Banco Popular's attorney's letter dated June 21, 201211

Memoranda of Law12-13

In this action by plaintiff Reliable Check Cashing Corp. (Reliable) seeking recovery based upon the non-payment of cashier's checks, defendant Banco Popular moves for summary judgment in its favor dismissing Reliable's complaint as against it upon the grounds that there are no triable issues of fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Claiming entitlement as a holder in due course of the checks at issue, Reliable cross-moves for summary judgment in its favor as against Banco Popular in the sum of $83,000 with interest, as demanded in its complaint.

On or about December 10, 2008, defendant Leiby Goldberger (Goldberger), the principal of defendant Supreme Interior Management Inc. (Supreme Interior Management) and Supreme Drywall, Inc. (Supreme Drywall), opened a business checking account in the name of Supreme Interior Management at the Banco Popular branch located at 5216 Fifth Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York. According to Supreme Interior Management's bank statement, dated March 31, 2009, for the period February 27, 2009 through March 31, 2009, Supreme Interior Management began this period with a negative balance of $12,091.54 due to two deposits to its account in January 2009 that had been returned.

On or about March 10, 2009, a $200,000 deposit was made to the account in the form of check No. 1362 from another Banco Popular customer, NP Holding, LLC (NP Holding), payable to "Supreme Interiors." This check was stale since it was dated May 14, 2008, and was more than six months old (see UCC 4-404). According to the affidavit of Jenny Lobo (Lobo), the assistant branch manager of Banco Popular, sworn February 18, 2010, the check was delivered by Goldberger to Gilbert Ruiz (Ruiz), then the branch manager of Banco Popular, who called NP Holding and received permission to deposit its check into Supreme Interior Management's account. Since NP Holding was a customer of Banco Popular, upon such consent, Ruiz instructed that the funds should be cleared for next day availability, i.e., March 11, 2009.

On March 11, 2009, Goldberger wrote check no. 1166 on Supreme Interior Management's account payable to Banco Popular in the amount of $145,060. In return, Banco Popular issued, pursuant to Goldberger's orders, six cashier's checks, which totaled $145,000 ($60 was the transaction fee). Each of these checks was dated March 11, 2009, and made payable to Supreme Interior Management as follows: check no. 1599386 in the amount of $30,000, check no. 1599387 in the amount of $20,000, check no. 1599388 in the amount of $35,000, check no. 1599389 in the amount of $30,000, check no. 1599390 [*3]in the amount of $18,000, and check no. 1599391 in the amount of $12,000.

Later that same day, Goldberger returned to Banco Popular, and wrote another check for $27,000, from which he purchased a cashier's check for $7,000 made payable to 562 Grand Avenue LLC, and took out $20,000 in cash for himself.

On or about March 12, 2009, Ruiz learned that NP Holding had rejected the negotiation of its $200,000 check and it was going to be returned as "Stale Dated." As a result, Ruiz placed stop payment orders on the checks ending in nos. 388, 389, and 390, in the amounts of $35,000, $30,000, and $18,000, respectively, for a total of $83,000.

On or about March 11, 2009, Goldberger went to Reliable's premises to cash five of the cashier checks issued to Supreme Interior Management by Banco Popular. Goldberger endorsed the cashier's checks, and Reliable gave cash to Goldberger for these checks, depositing the checks into its bank account. Two of the checks were honored, but the three checks, in the total sum of $83,000, in which Ruiz had issued stop payment orders, were dishonored by Banco Popular on presentment for payment.

Consequently, on May 13, 2009, Reliable filed this action against Banco Popular, Supreme Interior Management, and Goldberger. Reliable's complaint, dated April 22, 2009, seeks to recover the $83,000, alleging that it cashed these checks without notice of any defense to payment when it gave value for these checks. Banco Popular interposed an answer dated August 14, 2009, in which it asserts various affirmative defenses, including that Reliable was not a holder in due course because it acted with notice that Supreme Interior Management and Goldberger had fraudulently induced the issuance of the cashier's checks and did not act in good faith in cashing these checks. Supreme Interior Management and Goldberger have never appeared in this action, and are in default. Discovery has been completed, and, on April 18, 2012, Reliable filed its note of issue. On May 4, 2012, Banco Popular filed its instant motion for summary judgment, and, on May 14, 2012, Reliable filed its cross motion for summary judgment.

It is undisputed that Banco Popular was defrauded by Goldberger and Supreme Interior Management; the question presented is whether the bank or Reliable should bear the loss for such fraud. The resolution of this question turns upon whether Reliable was a holder in due course so as to take the cashier's checks free of Banco Popular's defenses. Banco Popular, in seeking summary judgment in its favor, argues that Reliable was not a holder in due course, contending that Reliable had notice of its defenses, whereas Reliable, in seeking summary judgment in its favor, argues that it was a holder in due course, as it had no knowledge of any defenses when it cashed the checks.

UCC 3-302 (1) defines "[a] holder in due course" as "a holder who takes the instrument (a) for value; and (b) in good faith; and (c) without notice that it is overdue or has been dishonored or of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person." UCC 3-306 provides that "[u]nless [it] has the rights of a holder in due course any person takes the instrument subject to (a) all valid claims to it on the part of any person; and (b) [*4]all defenses of any party which would be available in an action on a simple contract; and (c) the defenses of want or failure of consideration, non-performance of any condition precedent, non-delivery, or delivery for a special purpose . . .; and (d) the defense that [it] or a person through whom [it] holds the instrument acquired it by theft, or that payment or satisfaction to such holder would be inconsistent with the terms of a restrictive indorsement . . ."

Banco Popular asserts that Supreme Interior Management and Goldberger are liable to it for the amounts stated in the cashier's checks under theories of fraud in the inducement and factum, misrepresentation, failure of consideration, and/or a breach of its customer agreement. It maintains that pursuant to UCC 3-306, Reliable is subject to these defenses, and, therefore, cannot succeed against Banco Popular.

While it is undisputed that plaintiff is a holder of the checks and gave value for them, Banco Popular contends that Reliable is not a holder in due course, as defined by UCC 3-302 (1), because it is unable to meet the good faith and notice requirements of this section, and, consequently, cannot avoid its defenses. UCC 1-201 (19) defines "good faith" as meaning "honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned." This language sets a subjective, rather than objective, standard, whereby a holder's good faith is sufficiently shown where such holder "did not have actual knowledge of some fact which would prevent a commercially honest individual from taking up the instruments" (Chemical Bank v Haskell, 51 NY2d 85, 92 [1980], rearg denied 51 NY2d 1009 [1980]; see also First Intl. Bank of Israel, Ltd. v L. Blankstein & Son, Inc., 59 NY2d 436, 441-442 [1983]).

As to the issue of whether Reliable can be found to have had notice of a defense against the subject cashier's checks within the meaning of UCC 3-302 (1), UCC 3-304 is controlling. UCC 3-304 (7) provides that "to constitute notice of a claim or defense, the purchaser must have knowledge of the claim or defense or knowledge of such facts that [its] action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith."

It is well-settled that this standard, unique to New York and Virginia and distinct from the uniform objective test which permits constructive knowledge to be inferred from circumstantial evidence, "demands nothing less than actual knowledge" (Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v American Express Co., 74 NY2d 153, 162 [1989]; see also, Chemical Bank v Haskell, 51 NY2d at 92-93; First Int'l Bank v Blankstein, 59 NY2d at 445). "Holders in due course are to be determined by the simple test of what they actually knew, not by speculation as to what they had reason to know, or what would have aroused the suspicion of a reasonable person in their circumstances" (Hartford, 74 NY2d at 163). Moreover, "constructive knowledge is insufficient to demonstrate a lack of good faith" (In re AppOnline.com Inc. v Matrix Capital Bank and HSA Residential Mortgages Services, Inc., 321 BR 614, 624 [EDNY 2004]).

Banco Popular's claim that plaintiff is not a holder in due course is premised upon its speculation that Reliable was somehow complicit in Goldberger's fraud, was "willfully [*5]ignorant" or acted in bad faith by failing to enforce its own regulations contained in a manual promulgated pursuant to the federal Bank Secrecy Act to prevent money laundering. The only evidence proffered in support of this claim is the deposition testimony of Samuel Rottenstein (Rottenstein)^[FN1], Reliable's president, regarding the [*6]procedures followed in compliance with the New York State Banking Law and the federal Bank Secrecy Act (31 USC § 5313), which requires that transactions of more than $10,000 be reported to the Internal Revenue Service by filing a Currency Transaction Report (CTR), and the documentary evidence of the transactions involved.^[FN2] Evidence has been adduced that, while the payee named on the subject cashier's checks was "Supreme Interior Management" (without a corporate designation), the duly-prepared CTR's, to which a copy of the subject check was appended, report that the transaction was [*7]"conducted on behalf of" Supreme Drywall, Inc. by Leiby Goldberger.^[FN3] It is undisputed that plaintiff did not maintain a record of Supreme Interior Management's corporate status or a copy of a corporate resolution authorizing Goldberger to cash checks.

Mr. Rottenstein's deposition, together with the plaintiff's log of all transactions, establishes, however, that Leiby Goldberger had been a regular customer of plaintiff since at least early 2006, frequently cashing checks of Supreme Interior Management and Supreme Drywall, payable to himself, Supreme Interior Management and Supreme Drywall and various other payees. The New York State corporate filings for Supreme Drywall, Inc., its employer identification number issued by the IRS, and copies of the driver's license and social security card for Leiby Goldberger were maintained in plaintiff's file. Mr. Rottenstein speculated, and apparently believed, that "Supreme Interior Management" was a d/b/a for Supreme Drywall. Plaintiff represents that, now that Supreme Interior Management's separate corporate status has been recognized, the CTR's incorrectly reporting its transactions as made on behalf of Supreme Drywall, have been, or will be, amended, as permitted by law. When asked whether he knew either NP Holding, Banco Popular's customer that had stopped payment on the stale $200,000 check, or its principal, Nissan Perla, or Banco Popular's employee Gilbert Ruiz,^[FN4] Rottenstein indicated he did not, nor did he know that Goldberger had been convicted of a crime (Transcript at p. 119-120). No evidence has been proffered to impeach such testimony.

In Chemical Bank v Haskill (51 NY2d at 90), the Court held that indorsement by one lacking actual authority to do so does not impeach the status of a holder in due course "if the signer is clothed with apparent authority." It follows that an individual whose identity has been established through years of transactions on behalf of a known corporate entity, in which a second entity has frequently been a named payee, has been sufficiently clothed with "apparent authority" to negotiate the checks of that second entity, notwithstanding the failure to investigate the identity of the second entity, reasonably presumed to be a d/b/a alternative of the known corporation. The long experience of plaintiff with respect to Goldberger and his role as principal of both Supreme Drywall and [*8]Supreme Interior Management does not suggest bad faith in cashing the checks at issue or permit an inference of knowledge of defenses that were not otherwise perceptible (see First Transcapital Corp v King Umberto, Inc., 214 AD2d 699, 701 [2d Dept 1995]). It is noted that the subject checks were cashier's checks issued by Banco Popular to its own depositor. The consequences of negligence, in failing to confirm the legitimacy of Goldberger's actions in purchasing several cashier's checks payable to the depositor itself within the same day, particularly, as here, against funds solely derived from the crediting of a stale check, which might well have raised suspicion, should fall upon Banco Popular, the facilitator of the fraud, and not upon an apparently innocent holder in due course (see Hartford v American Express, 74 NY2d at 163-165, In re AppOnline.com, 321 BR at 627; cf. Chemical Bank v Haskill, 51 NY2d at 93).

In First International Bank of Israel v L. Blankstein (59 NY2d 436), the Court of Appeals explained the burdens of proof imposed under UCC § 3-307. Initially, a holder in due course must produce a properly signed instrument. Here, the cashier's checks were issued by defendant Banco Popular to the order of "Supreme Interior Management", without indication of the payee's corporate status, notwithstanding that the payee maintained an account at Banco Popular as Supreme Interior Management, Inc. Consistent with plaintiff's understanding, Leiby Goldberger was clearly the authorized signatory for "Supreme Interior Management" as he signed the check payable to Banco Popular, which was drawn and accepted in payment for the cashier's checks. Banco Popular has not disputed the endorsement on the checks it issued, which were cashed by plaintiff upon that endorsement. There is no indication that plaintiff actually knew, or even had reason to know, that the cashier's checks issued by a reputable bank were fraudulently induced as alleged in the Answer. Even according defendant Banco Popular the benefit of its alleged defense of fraudulent inducement, which has not been established by competent evidence since the only affidavit of anyone with knowledge of the transaction is both stale, having been executed in 2010, and hearsay, as it is not the sworn statement of Mr. Ruiz who actually authorized and conducted the transaction (Banco Popular's attorney's affirmation as to the facts is incompetent to support summary judgment (see Zuckerman v New York, 49 NY2d 557 [1980]; Matter of Idhailia P., 95 AD3d 1333, 1335 [2d Dept 2012])), there is absolutely no evidence that plaintiff would have known of such defense. As the First International Court observed, "rarely, if ever, will the holder have documentary evidence showing its lack of knowledge . . . evidence, if any, that the holder had knowledge of defenses will ordinarily be in the hands of the defendant. It is appropriate, therefore, to require the defendant . . . to proffer such evidence to rebut the holder's statement of no knowledge" (59 NY2d at 444).

Although Rottenstein conceded that the CTR for the cashier's checks at issue, as well as the CTRs for other Supreme Interior Management transactions (which totaled over $1.4 million), falsely named Supreme Drywall, a different corporate entity from payee Supreme Interior Management, as the entity on whose behalf the transactions were [*9]made, and the CTRs filed for these checks therefore provided inaccurate information, not in compliance with the reporting requirements of federal law, Rottenstein's understanding that Superior Interior Management was merely a d/b/a for Drywall, and that the two entities were one and the same corporation, was reasonable based upon the information known to plaintiff and the long pattern of prior check-cashing by Goldberger on behalf of both entities. There is no indication that plaintiff knowingly reported inaccurate information or was involved in any fraud perpetrated upon Banco Popular. Banco Popular suffered no damage whatever from such inaccurate reporting. Defendant Banco Popular has thus failed to sustain its burden to allege and prove, by competent factual evidence, that, when it accepted the checks, plaintiff had the required actual notice or knowledge of fraud in the inducement rendering the checks voidable, or acted in bad faith in any way.

Because Banco Popular has provided no factual evidence to impeach plaintiff as a holder in due course, there are no triable issues of fact to defeat plaintiff's entitlement to recover (First International, 59 NY2d at 446). The issue of whether Reliable was a holder in due course is therefore purely a question of law which can be determined based upon the unrefuted evidence submitted. Upon such evidence, the motion by Banco Popular for summary judgment is defeated and plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment must be granted (Alvarez v Prospect Hosp., 68 NY2d 320, 324 [1986]; Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557, 562 [1980]).

Accordingly, Banco Popular's motion for summary judgment dismissing Reliable's complaint as against it is denied, and Reliable's cross motion for summary judgment in its favor as against Banco Popular is granted. Plaintiff may enter judgment for $83,000, plus interest from April 7, 2009.

This constitutes the decision, order, and judgment of the court.

E N T E R,

J. S. C.