Official New York Law Reports Style Manual

(1) How to Reference

Citations within parentheses may be referenced as in the examples below:

The clear and convincing evidence standard was not met here (see Solomon v State of New York, 146 AD2d 439, 440 [1st Dept 1989], quoting Rossi v Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 103 AD2d 771 [2d Dept 1984]).

The facts in this decision are not unusual (see George C. Miller Brick Co., Inc. v Stark Ceramics, Inc., 9 Misc 3d 151 [Sup Ct, Monroe County 2005, Fisher, J.]).

Plaintiff did not sustain a serious injury (Insurance Law § 5102 [d]).

(2) Punctuation

Place the final period in a sentence ending with a parenthetical as follows:

Such is the law (People v Moran, 2 AD3d 216 [1st Dept 2003]).

or

Such is the law. (People v Moran, 2 AD3d 216 [1st Dept 2003].)

not

Such is the law (People v Moran, 2 AD3d 216 [1st Dept 2003].)

Place the parenthetical within the sentence (as in first example above) if it relates to the sentence alone. Place it outside the sentence (as in second example above) if it relates to more than one preceding sentence.

(1) Running Text Style

Place the case name in running text and the volume, report and page or other bibliographic information in the footnote and eliminate the parentheses enclosing the citation. The footnote number should be placed at the point in the text where the citation would appear if the citation were placed in the text.

Example:

The situation in Rogers v Rogers¹ mirrors the situation in this decision.

---

^1. 63 NY2d 582 (1984), revg 98 AD2d 999 (2d Dept 1983).

(2) Citations within Parentheses Style

Place the footnote number at the point where the parenthetical citation would appear if the parenthetical citation were placed in the body of the opinion. Place the citation in the footnote and eliminate the parentheses enclosing the citation.

Example:

The facts in this decision are not unusual.¹

---

^1. See George C. Miller Brick Co., Inc. v Stark Ceramics, Inc., 9 Misc 3d 151 (Sup Ct, Monroe County 2005, Fisher, J.).

(3) Textual Footnotes

When using the citational footnote style, citations that appear within textual footnotes should not be placed within parentheses.

Example:

^2. The effect of the deregulation on the structure and organization of the natural gas industry is detailed in General Motors Corp. v Tracy, 519 US 278, 283-297 (1997).

(1) Shortened Case Names and Popular Names

Subsequent references to a case in running text or within parentheses may use a shortened case name. The shortened form of the case name is usually the name of the first nongovernmental party (for example, "Krom" for "People v Krom" and "Albouyeh" for "Albouyeh v County of Suffolk"). Popular names for cases (for example, "the Central Park Jogger case"), or a shortened from that is not a name included in the case name, may be used when desired, but when doing so, set out the name in a parenthetical. For example: (see Matter of New York City Asbestos Litig., 148 AD3d 233 [1st Dept 2017] [Juni]). Where litigation history includes multiple decisions with the same case name, a short form may be set out to identify each of the various decisions. For example: (see Campaign for Fiscal Equity v State of New York, 86 NY2d 307, 316 [1995] [hereinafter CFE I]; Campaign for Fiscal Equity v State of New York, 100 NY2d 893 [2003] [hereinafter CFE II]; see also Campaign for Fiscal Equity, Inc. v State of New York, 8 NY3d 14, 20 [2006] [hereinafter CFE III]).

(2) Shortened Citations

Do not use "supra" to shorten a subsequent citation. Do not add "supra" to a full citation of a source that has been previously cited in full. See section 12.5 for use of "supra" and "infra" as internal cross-references. Subsequent references to cases and statutes may be shortened as follows:

(Matter of Murphy, 6 NY3d at 43)

(Murphy, 6 NY3d 36) [Note: shortened case name with citation to initial page of decision]

(Murphy, 6 NY3d at 43)

(Murphy at 43)

(6 NY3d at 43)

(Matter of Murphy) or (Murphy) or (see Murphy) [Note: general reference to a previously cited case using only the full or shortened case name (use of a signal is optional)]

(§ 205.05)

(1) Cases Officially Reported

First, Second and Third Series Cases

Case names for New York decisions reported in the first, second and third series of the New York Official Reports can be found in the New York Official Reports Citator. The case name for a decision is also provided in the "Cite Title As" field in the online Official Reports. Case names found in the Table of Cases in the printed Official Reports should not be used when they differ from the electronic version. To cite a companion case whose title is different than the official case name, formulate a case name as described in section 2.1 (a) (2).

(2) Cases Not Officially Reported

If a case has not been officially reported, formulate a case name using the citation naming conventions found in standard citation manuals and apply the abbreviations listed in Appendix 1, but do not abbreviate the first word of a party's name. Also see examples of case names in Appendix 6.

(1) Basic Ciation Style

Cite to the Official Reports as follows:

(Cayuga Nation v Campbell, 34 NY3d 282 [2019])

(Matter of Cornell Univ. v Beer, 16 AD3d 890 [3d Dept 2005])

(Matter of DeOca, 75 Misc 3d 449 [Sur Ct, Erie County 2022])

(2) Pinpoint Page Citation

To refer to a pinpoint page in a decision:

(People v Ramos, 90 NY2d 490, 495 [1997])

(Matter of Cornell Univ. v Beer, 16 AD3d 890, 894 [3d Dept 2005])

Where the pinpoint page is the same as the initial page or where the decision comprises one page, repeat the initial page for a pinpoint citation as follows:

(Matter of Allen v Black, 275 AD2d 207, 207 [1st Dept 2000])

(3) Case Citation Containing Footnotes

Cases Containing Single Footnote

Citation to the sole footnote in a decision is designated by a lowercase "n" as follows:

(Colon v Martin, 35 NY3d 75, 81 n [2020])

Cases Containing More than One Footnote

Where a case contains more than one footnote, the citation should indicate the number of the footnote being cited as follows:

(Desiderio v Ochs, 100 NY2d 159, 168 n 3 [2003])

Case Citation Containing Multiple Footnotes

Cite multiple footnotes appearing on the same page as follows:

(Matter of Black Radio Network v Public Serv. Commn. of State of N.Y., 253 AD2d 22, 25 nn 2, 3 [3d Dept 1999])

Citation Referencing Pinpoint Page and Footnote

Cite to both a pinpoint page and a footnote on the same page as follows:

(City of New York v 330 Cont. LLC, 60 AD3d 226, 229-230, 230 n 3 [1st Dept 2009])

(People v Kozlowski, 11 NY3d 223, 242 & n 10 [2008])

(4) Citation Referencing Multiple-Page Quotation

In citing a single quotation that runs over two or more pages, give the pages at which it begins and ends, separated by a hyphen, rather than a comma:

(Matter of Sayeh R., 91 NY2d 306, 316-317 [1997])

(5) Citation Including Appellate History

If deemed pertinent, include appellate history as follows:

(Flores v Lower E. Side Serv. Ctr., 3 AD3d 459 [1st Dept 2004], revd 4 NY3d 363 [2005])

(Matter of Town of Irondequoit v County of Monroe, 175 AD3d 846 [4th Dept 2019], mod 36 NY3d 177 [2020])

(National City Bank v Gelfert, 257 App Div 465 [2d Dept 1939], revd 284 NY 13 [1940], revd 313 US 221 [1941])

(Garden Homes Woodlands Co. v Town of Dover, 95 NY2d 516 [2000], revg 266 AD2d 187 [2d Dept 1999])

(Matter of Carr v de Blasio, 197 AD3d 124 [1st Dept 2021], affg 70 Misc 3d 418 [Sup Ct, NY County 2020])

(Gross v Sandow, 5 AD3d 901 [3d Dept 2004], lv dismissed & denied 3 NY3d 735 [2004])

(People v Ferber, 96 Misc 2d 669 [Sup Ct, NY County 1978], affd 74 AD2d 558 [1st Dept 1980], revd 52 NY2d 674 [1981], revd 458 US 747 [1982])

(Kaufman v Eli Lilly & Co., 65 NY2d 449[1985], modfg 99 AD2d 695 [1st Dept 1984], which affd 116 Misc 2d 351 [Sup Ct, NY County 1982])

(Matter of Laland v Bookhart, 183 AD3d 565 [2d Dept 2020], lv granted 37 NY3d 901 [2021])

(Marco v Sachs, 10 NY2d 542 [1962], rearg denied 11 NY2d 766 [1962])

(People v Ball, 175 AD3d 987 [4th Dept 2019], affd for reasons stated below 35 NY3d 1009 [2020])

(Matter of Social Serv. Empls. Union, Local 371 v Cunningham, 109 Misc 2d 331 [Sup Ct, NY County 1981], affd without op 90 AD2d 696 [1st Dept 1982])

(Anonymous v City of Rochester, 56 AD3d 139 [4th Dept 2008], affd on other grounds 13 NY3d 35 [2009])

(N.A. Kerson Co. v Shayne, Dachs, Weiss, Kolbrenner, Levy, 59 AD2d 551 [2d Dept 1977], affd on concurring op of Suozzi, J., 45 NY2d 730 [1978])

(Henderson v Manhattan & Bronx Surface Tr. Operating Auth., 74 AD3d 654 [1st Dept 2010], appeal dismissed 15 NY3d 951 [2010])

When the case name changes in a material aspect in subsequent proceedings, include the different case name in appellate history and precede it with the abbreviation sub nom. Generally, use sub nom. where one party name changes on appeal (e.g. Letitia James is substituted for Barbara Underwood as Attorney General). However, do not use sub nom. where the name "People" or "State" changes to "New York." It is unnecessary to use a sub nom. reference for denials of certiorari, including instances where multiple criminal defendants are named in a single decision and separate denials of certiorari are reported.

Examples:

(National Westminster Bank, U.S.A. v Ross, 130 BR 656, 679 [SD NY 1991], affd sub nom. Yaeger v National Westminster, 962 F2d 1 [2d Cir 1992])

(Mental Hygiene Legal Serv. v Spitzer, 2007 WL 4115936, 2007 US Dist LEXIS 85163 [SD NY, Nov. 16, 2007, No. 07 Civ 2935, Lynch, J.], affd sub nom. Mental Hygiene Legal Servs. v Paterson, 2009 WL 579445, 2009 US App LEXIS 4942 [2d Cir, Mar. 4, 2009, No. 07-5548-cv])

(People v Payton, 45 NY2d 300 [1978], revd 445 US 573 [1980]) [Note: sub nom. unnecessary as 445 US 573 case name is Payton v New York]

(People v Pepper, 53 NY2d 213 [1981], certs denied 454 US 967 [1981], 454 US 1162 [1982]) [Note: decision involving multiple defendants and certiorari denials]

For a listing of appellate history abbreviations, see Appendix 3.

(6) Multiple Citations; Citation Quoting or Citing Another; Parenthetical Information

Where multiple citations are given, the style is:

(cf. Edkins v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 261 App Div 1096 [2d Dept 1941], revd 287 NY 505 [1942]; Brown v Rosenbaum, 262 App Div 136 [1st Dept 1941], affd 287 NY 510 [1942]; Broderick v Aaron, 264 NY 368 [1934])

(see Hill v St. Clare's Hosp., 107 AD2d 557 [1st Dept 1985], mod 67 NY2d 72 [1986]; cf. McDermott v Torre, 56 NY2d 399 [1982]; Holzberg v Flower & Fifth Ave. Hosps., 32 NY2d 716 [1973], affg 39 AD2d 526 [1st Dept 1972])

Where a citation is quoting or citing another, the style is:

(People v Alonzo, 16 NY3d 267, 270 [2011], quoting People v Moffitt, 20 AD3d 687, 690 [3d Dept 2005])

(People v Alonzo, 16 NY3d 267, 269 [2011], citing People v Bauman, 12 NY3d 152 [2009])

(see People v Dunbar, 24 NY3d 304, 308 [2014], citing Missouri v Seibert, 542 US 600, 611 [2004], quoting Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436, 467 [1966])

(People v Robinson, 187 AD3d 1216, 1217 [2d Dept 2020], quoting People v McGee, 49 NY2d 48, 59 [1979], and citing People v Price, 29 NY3d 472, 476 [2017])

(Lucido v Mancuso, 49 AD3d 220 [2d Dept 2008], citing Grandview Constr. Corp. v Roreck Constr. Co., 14 AD2d 909 [2d Dept 1961], Newman v Goldberg, 250 App Div 431 [2d Dept 1937], and Doyle v Chatham & Phoenix Natl. Bank, 219 App Div 522 [2d Dept 1927])

Where a citation includes multiple elements, such as appellate history, quoting or citing information and parenthetical information, generally style as follows:

Here, the People "met their burden of demonstrating 'sufficient excludable time' " (People v Abergut, 202 AD3d 1497, 1498 [4th Dept 2022], lv denied 38 NY3d 1068 [2022], quoting People v Kendzia, 64 NY2d 331, 338 [1985])

Here, the People "met their burden of demonstrating sufficient excludable time" (People v Abergut, 202 AD3d 1497, 1498 [4th Dept 2022] [internal quotation marks omitted], lv denied 38 NY3d 1068 [2022])

(People v Abergut, 202 AD3d 1497, 1498 [4th Dept 2022] [finding People demonstrated "sufficient excludable time"], lv denied 38 NY3d 1068 [2022], quoting People v Kendzia, 64 NY2d 331, 338 [1985])

(People v Abergut, 202 AD3d 1497, 1498 [4th Dept 2022] ["People met their burden of demonstrating sufficient excludable time" (internal quotation marks omitted)], lv denied 38 NY3d 1068 [2022])

A " 'guarantor's liability accrues only after default on the part of the principal obligor' " (Madison Ave. Leasehold, LLC v Madison Bentley Assoc. LLC, 30 AD3d 1, 10 [1st Dept 2006], affd 8 NY3d 59 [2006], quoting Brewster Tr. Mix Corp. v McLean, 169 AD2d 1036, 1037 [3d Dept 1991])

A " 'guarantor's liability accrues only after default on the part of the principal obligor' " (Madison Ave. Leasehold, LLC v Madison Bentley Assoc. LLC, 30 AD3d 1, 10 [1st Dept 2006] [quoting Brewster Tr. Mix Corp. v McLean, 169 AD2d 1036, 1037 (3d Dept 1991)], affd 8 NY3d 59 [2006])

(Madison Ave. Leasehold, LLC v Madison Bentley Assoc. LLC, 30 AD3d 1, 10 [1st Dept 2006] [" '(G)uarantor's liability accrues only after default on the part of the principal obligor' " (quoting Brewster Tr. Mix Corp. v McLean, 169 AD2d 1036, 1037 [3d Dept 1991])], affd 8 NY3d 59 [2006])

(7) Jurisdiction and Date; Optional Information

Add the court, jurisdiction, and year of decision in brackets following the citation. Omit any information made redundant by the citation itself. Abbreviate references to the court and jurisdiction consistent with the Court Abbreviations table below. Inclusion of the precise date of decision, judge's name, and decision type is optional. A subsequent citation may omit reference to the court, jurisdiction, year of decision, appellate history, and optional information. See section 1.3.

Examples Including Optional Information:

Precise Date of Decision and Judge's Name

(Freedom Mtge. Corp. v Engel, 37 NY3d 1 [Feb. 18, 2021, DiFiore, Ch. J.])

(Matter of Regina Metro. Co., LLC v New York State Div. of Hous. & Community Renewal, 164 AD3d 420, 433 [1st Dept 2018, Gische, J., dissenting])

(LaManna v Carrigan, 196 Misc 2d 98 [Civ Ct, Richmond County 2003, Vitaliano, J.])

(Anderson v Scannapieco, 54 Misc 3d 242 [Sup Ct, Putnam County, Aug. 9, 2016])

Decision Type

(Hernandez v Robles, 7 NY3d 338 [2006 plurality])

(Arbanil v Flannery, 31 AD3d 588 [2d Dept 2006 mem])

(Matter of Anonymous, 37 AD3d 970 [3d Dept 2007 per curiam])

(People v Nash, 179 AD3d 982 [2d Dept 2020, Scheinkman, P.J., individual-Justice review]) [Note: decision on expedited review under CPL 245.70]

Court Abbreviations

References to courts within citations should be abbreviated as follows. Where indicated, numbers should be in ordinal form (see § 10.2 [a] [10]):

(8) Citation to Slip Opinions

Opinions scheduled for publication in the Official Reports are cited as follows:

(People v Daly, — Misc 3d —, 2011 NY Slip Op 21371 [Crim Ct, NY County 2011])

(Franklin Corp. v Prahler, — AD3d —, 2011 NY Slip Op 07947 [4th Dept 2011])

(Tkeshelashvili v State of New York, — NY3d —, 2011 NY Slip Op 08451 [2011])

(People v Burgos, — NY3d —, —, 2022 NY Slip Op 01868, *3 [2022])

(1) New York Parallel Unofficial Citations

Parallel unofficial citations are not used for officially reported New York State cases.

(2) Citation to Unreported Cases

Unreported New York Slip Opinions with Published Abstracts

A number of opinions not selected for full publication in the Miscellaneous Reports are published in abstract form in the print Miscellaneous 3d Reports and in full text in the Slip Opinion Service and online Official Reports. Each opinion is assigned a Miscellaneous 3d citation as well as a unique Slip Opinion citation that is paginated to permit pinpoint page references.

Cite as follows:

(Matter of Lee v Chin, 1 Misc 3d 901[A], 2003 NY Slip Op 51455[U] [Sup Ct, NY County 2003])

Pinpoint page reference:

(Matter of Lee v Chin, 1 Misc 3d 901[A], 2003 NY Slip Op 51455[U], *9 [Sup Ct, NY County 2003])

(Matter of Lee v Chin, 1 Misc 3d 901[A], 2003 NY Slip Op 51455[U], *1-3 [Sup Ct, NY County 2003])

(Matter of Lee v Chin, 1 Misc 3d 901[A], 2003 NY Slip Op 51455[U], *1, *3 [Sup Ct, NY County 2003])

Subsequent short-form citation:

(Lee, 2003 NY Slip Op 51455[U], *7) not (Lee at *7)

Use of id. with a pinpoint star page is permitted to refer to an immediately preceding short-form abstracted case citation that contains only the Slip Opinion citation (see § 1.3 [c]).

Unreported New York Slip Opinions without Published Abstracts

Unreported slip opinions not abstracted in the Miscellaneous Reports are cited as follows:

(Hwang v Cunningham, 2011 NY Slip Op 33038[U] [Sup Ct, Nassau County 2011])

Acceptable short-form pinpoint citations:

(Hwang, 2011 NY Slip Op 33038[U], *2) or (Hwang at *2) or (id. at *2)

Unreported Appellate Motion Decisions

Most Appellate Division and Appellate Term motion decisions are not published in print. They are cited as follows:

(Blair v Pierre, 2006 NY Slip Op 78812[U] [2d Dept 2006])

Other Unreported Cases

Cite unreported cases not published in the New York Slip Opinion Service using citation naming conventions found in standard citation manuals (see § 2.1 [a] [2]) and include any information that would be useful in identifying the case:

(Keenan v Dayton Beach Park No. 1 Corp., Sup Ct, Queens County, June 5, 1990, Hentel, J., index No. 10302/84)

(Sinha v Sinha, Sup Ct, NY County, Oct. 3, 2003, Hoahng, Special Ref.)

(People v Moody, Sup Ct, NY County, Oct. 17, 1985, Neco, J., indictment No. 84-201)

(Paul v State of New York, Ct Cl, Mar. 14, 2008, Minarik, J., claim No. 109802, UID No. 2008-031-501)

(People v Boss, Sup Ct, Albany County, Feb. 17, 2000, Teresi, J., slip op at 4)

(3) Citation to the New York Law Journal

Where a case is not officially reported or published as an unreported case in the New York Slip Opinion Service, but appears in the New York Law Journal, cite as follows:

(Matter of Lutz, NYLJ, Mar. 28, 1986 at 15, col 5 [Sur Ct, NY County 1986])

(People v Shulman, NYLJ, Apr. 2, 1999 at 35, col 6, at 36, col 1 [Suffolk County Ct 1999])

(Tryon v Westermann, NYLJ, Oct. 6, 2000 at 30, col 5 [Sup Ct, Nassau County 2000, Austin, J.])

✎ Updated in 2024: Acceptable subsequent short forms:

✎ Updated in 2024: (Tryon at 30) or (Tryon at 30, col 5)

(Matter of Miller, NYLJ, May 14, 1996 at 31, col 4, 1996 NYLJ LEXIS 7940, *1 [Sur Ct, Nassau County 1996])

✎ Updated in 2024: (Estate of Martin, NYLJ, May 2, 2023, Court Decisions at 3, col 1 [Sur Ct, NY County 2023]) [Note: a NYLJ citation for a case decision that has been published in a separate section from the news, indicating location ("Court Decisions") prior to page number]

For online version of the New York Law Journal:

(Matter of Parisi, NYLJ 1202538693000 [Sur Ct, Queens County 2011])

Pinpoint page reference:

(Matter of Parisi, NYLJ 1202538693000, *7 [Sur Ct, Queens County 2011])

(4) Discontinued Unofficial Report

Where the choice lies between an unofficial report that is current and a discontinued unofficial report, the current report should be cited:

(National Mahaiwe Bank v Hand, 30 NYS 508 [Sup Ct, Gen Term, 1st Dept 1894])

not

(National Mahaiwe Bank v Hand, 80 Hun 584 [Sup Ct, Gen Term, 1st Dept 1894])

(1) Citation to Official Reports

Supreme Court of the United States cases are cited from the United States Reports where available:

(Ohralick v Ohio State Bar Assn., 436 US 447 [1978])

Include whatever optional information is desired:

(Sandin v Conner, 515 US 472 [1995, Rehnquist, Ch. J.])

(2) Citation to Unofficial Reports

When the citation to the United States Reports is unavailable, supply a blank citation to the United States Reports with a parallel citation to an unofficial report as follows:

(Hemphill v New York, 595 US —, —, 142 S Ct 681, 689 [2022])

or

(Hemphill v New York, 595 US —, —, 211 L Ed 2d 534, 543 [2022])

(1) Reported Federal Cases

For other federal court decisions, abbreviate federal reports information in accordance with Appendix 2 (B), and the name of an out-of-state jurisdiction consistent with the out-of-state reports abbreviations set forth in Appendix 2 (C), as in the following examples:

(Chrysafis v Marks, 15 F4th 208 [2d Cir 2021])

(United States v Seltzer, 227 F3d 36 [2d Cir 2000])

(Dennis v Warren, 779 F2d 245 [5th Cir 1985]; Schultz v Frisby, 619 F Supp 792 [ED Wis 1985])

(Mavrovich v Vanderpool, 427 F Supp 2d 1084 [D Kan 2006])

(United States v Gridley, 725 F Supp 398 [ND Ind 1989])

Include whatever optional information is desired:

(Jean v Collins, 221 F3d 656 [4th Cir 2000 en banc])

(2) Unreported Federal Cases

(Lonf v Apfel, 1 Fed Appx 326 [6th Cir 2001])

(Lewis v Bloomburg Mills, US Dist Ct, SC, Dec. 30, 1982, Hemphill, J.)

(Govic v New York City Tr. Auth., US Dist Ct, SD NY, 89 Civ 7062, DiCarlo, J., 1989)

✎ Updated in 2024: When citing out-of-state cases, use the court name abbreviations appearing in parentheses following the bold name of the applicable court as set forth in the United States Jurisdictions table found in the latest edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Do not include periods or apostrophes in court name abbreviations.

(1)Where Official Reports Available

Out-of-state cases are cited to the state official reports where available, including online versions for jurisdictions that publish cases in electronic format only, followed by the parallel National Reporter System citation. Abbreviate out-of-state official and National Reporter System reports information in accordance with Appendix 2 (C) and (D):

(Metcalf v Fitzgerald, 333 Conn 1, 214 A3d 361 [2019])

(State v Nichols, 2016-NMSC-001, 363 P3d 1187 [2015])

(2) Where Official Reports Unavailable

Where an out-of-state case is cited only to the National Reporter System because no official citation is available, the name of the jurisdiction should be added in abbreviated form in brackets. ✎ Updated in 2024: Abbreviate the name of the out-of-state jurisdiction consistent with the out-of-state reports abbreviations set forth in Appendix 2 (C):

(Brinker v First Natl. Bank, 37 SW2d 136 [Tex Commn App 1931])

(3) Citing Reports Known by Name of Reporter

When citing reports known by the name of the reporter, except New York and English reports, the jurisdiction should be added in abbreviated form in brackets after the name of the reporter:

(Meade v M'Dowell, 5 Binn [Pa] 195 [Sup Ct 1812])

(4) Public Domain (Vendor or Medium Neutral) Citation

When a public domain citation has been adopted by a state as the official citation, the public domain citation must be included and precede any parallel citations. If a state has adopted a public domain citation, but has not designated it the official citation, inclusion of the public domain citation is optional, but, if supplied, should precede any parallel citations. Appendix 2 (D) contains a list of jurisdictions that have adopted a public domain citation and identifies those states which have adopted the public domain citation as the official citation.

(Smith v Rebsamen Med. Ctr., Inc., 2012 Ark 441, 424 SW3d 876 [2012]) [Note: public domain adopted as official state citation]

(Alberte v Anew Health Care Servs., 2000 WI 7, ¶ 12, 232 Wis 2d 587, 595, 605 NW2d 515, 519 [2000]) [Note: public domain not adopted as official state citation]

If the only source is a website, supply additional information using section 2.4 (a) (3).

(1) Online Services

Citation to a case contained in an electronic service (e.g. Westlaw or Lexis) is permissible only when the case is not published in book form. Provide the case name, citation, court, decision date and docket or index number. If the source is Westlaw or Lexis, and access to both is available, cite both services:

(Savitt v Vacco, 1998 WL 690939, *7, 1998 US Dist LEXIS 15582, *21-22 [ND NY, Sept. 28, 1998, No. 95CV1842 (RSP/DRH)])

(Beasley v Hub City Texas, L.P., 2003 WL 22254692, *2 n 3, 2003 Tex App LEXIS 8550, *5 n 3 [Sept. 29, 2003, No. 01-03-00287-CV])

(2) Citing Tabular Cases

Citation for tabular cases where the full text is published only on Westlaw and Lexis:

(Regal v General Motors Corp., 266 Wis 2d 1060, 668 NW2d 562 [2003] [table; text at 2003 WL 21537821, *3, 2003 Wis App LEXIS 634, *13-14 (2003)])

(United States v Hollingsworth, 81 F3d 171 [9th Cir 1996] [table; text at 1996 WL 138583, 1996 US App LEXIS 8610 (1996)])

Pinpoint page reference:

(1996 WL 138583, *3, 1996 US App LEXIS 8610, *9)

(3) Internet Material

Citation to decisions posted on the Internet is permitted where the material is not readily available in print. Provide the uniform resource locator (URL) precisely as it appears in the Internet browser; the case name or document title; the precise identifier, such as case citation or number; and the date of the decision, adding if applicable the date that the decision was updated or corrected. Add pinpoint citations, if any, after the precise identifier. The name of the author or entity that issued the decision may be added if desired. Abbreviate the case name in accordance with Appendix 1, but do not abbreviate the first word of a party's name. For citations within parentheses, abbreviate the name of the entity that issued the decision in accordance with Appendix 3.

(Applications of a Child with a Disability [Board of Educ. of Kenmore-Tonawanda Union Free Sch. Dist.], https://www.sro.nysed.gov/decision/1996/96-055-96-066 [NY St Educ Dept, Off of St Review, Decision Nos. 96-55 & 96-66, Nov. 20, 1996, Eldridge, S.R.O., last accessed Dec. 3, 2021])

(Application of Red & White Ferries, Inc., https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PUBLISHED/FINAL_DECISION/3598.htm [Cal Pub Utility Commn Decision No. D0011040 (Nov. 21, 2000, as corrected through Nov. 27, 2000)])

(Gilbow v Travis, 2009 Ark App 254 [Apr. 8, 2009], https://opinions.arcourts.gov/ark/courtofappeals/en/item/315565/index.do)

(1) Commission and Agency Documents and Materials

Cite as follows:

(31 PERB ¶ 3050 [1998]) [Note: Public Employment Relations Board decision]

(11 Ops Counsel SBRPS No. 37 [2002]) [Note: State Board of Real Property Services opinion of counsel]

(9 Ops Counsel SBEA No. 84 at 153 [1991]) [Note: pre-1994 State Board of Equalization and Assessment opinion of counsel]

(1937 Ops Atty Gen 113) [Note: pre-1983]

(1999 Ops Atty Gen No. 99-F3 at 1011) [Note: formal opinion]

(2006 Ops Atty Gen No. 2006-F4) [Note: formal opinion]

(1932 Atty Gen [Inf Ops] 206) [Note: pre-1983]

(1999 Ops Atty Gen No. 99-5) [Note: informal opinion]

(12 Ops St Comp No. 8208 at 276 [1956]) [Note: pre-1978]

(2001 Ops St Comp No. 2001-3)

(1998 Ops St Comp No. 98-10 at 26)

(Statutory Mandate to Propose Legislation in Response to Medicare Funding Warning, 40 Op OLC 66 [2016]) [Note: US Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel opinion]

(NY St Off of Children & Fam Servs Admin Directive 11-OCFS-ADM-01)

(NY St Dept of Social Servs Admin Directive 96 ADM-8 at 20)

(NY St Dept of Corr & Community Supervision Directive No. 6922 § II)

(NY City Campaign Fin Bd Advisory Op No. 2007-2)

(NY City Dept of Bldgs Operations Policy & Pro Notice No. 4/98)

(NY St Div of Hous & Community Renewal Advisory Op No. 92-1)

(NY St Dept of Taxation & Fin Advisory Op No. TSB-A-O6[2]M)

(34 NY PSC 1524 [Op No. 94-24]) [Note: Public Service Commission opinion]

(2000 NY PSC Op No. 96-12 at 31) [Note: online opinions]

(Ruling on Confidential Trade Secret Status of Testimony and Exhibits, NY PSC Case No. 02-C-1425 [Oct. 8, 2004]) [Note: online documents]

(36 Educ Dept Rep 508 [Decision No. 13,787]) [Note: decisions in volumes 1-49]

(51 Educ Dept Rep, Decision No. 16,256) [Note: decisions in volume 50 and above]

(Comm on Open Govt OML-AO-3899 [2004]) [Note: Open Meetings Law advisory opinion]

(Comm on Open Govt FOIL-AO-13559 [2002]) [Note: FOIL advisory opinion]

(Ops Gen Counsel NY Ins Dept No. 02-07-23 [July 2002]) [Note: online opinions]

(NY St Dept of Fin Servs 2021 Ins Circular Letter No. 7, RE: Disaster Planning, Preparedness, and Response by the Life and Health Insurance Industries)

(NY St Ins Dept 2002 Circular Letter No. 25, RE: Applicability, Guidelines and Procedures for Compliance with the Provisions of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002; Guidelines for the Use of Limitations for Acts of Terrorism in Commercial Property/Casualty Policies)

(NY St Just Ctr for Protection of People with Special Needs Decision No. 2018-136 [Oct. 30, 2018, Devane, A.L.J.], https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2019/09/2018-136.pdf)

Some suggested forms of commission and agency document citations in running text are as follows:

New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal Advisory Opinion No. 92-1 provides . . .

2001 Opinions of the State Comptroller No. 2001-3 provides . . .

Supply case name information where applicable. Abbreviate the case name in accordance with Appendix 1, but do not abbreviate the first word of a party's name. For example:

(Matter of Freeport Union Free Sch. Dist. [Freeport Educ. Off. Staff Assn.], 31 PERB ¶ 4021 [1998])

(Matter of Monroe County Civ. Serv. Empls. Assn., Inc., Local 1000, AFSCME, AFL-CIO, Monroe County Part-Time Empl. Unit, Local 828 [County of Monroe], 44 PERB ¶ 4576 [2011, Fitzgerald, A.L.J.]) [Note: Acceptable PERB administrative law judge opinion; use of the A.L.J.'s name is optional]

(AmBase Corp. v Commissioner of Internal Revenue, TC Memo 2001-122 [2001]) [Note: United States Tax Court decision]

(Matter of Kyte, 2012 WL 2992105, 2012 NY Tax LEXIS 64 [NY St Div of Tax Appeals DTA No. 824871, July 12, 2012])

(Employer: Amazing Home Care Servs. LLC, 2022 WL 739109, *1, 2022 NY Wrk Comp LEXIS 1000, *2 [WCB No. G299 5514, Mar. 2, 2022]) [Note: Workers' Compensation Board decision]

(2) Ethics Opinions

Cite as follows:

(11 Advisory Comm on Jud Ethics Op 91-68 [1991])

(Advisory Comm on Jud Ethics Op 06-82 [2006]) [Note: online opinions]

(NY St Ethics Commn Advisory Op 94-21 [1994]) [Note: 1988-2007]

(NY St Commn on Pub Integrity Advisory Op 11-03 [2011]) [Note: 2007-2011]

(NY St Joint Commn on Pub Ethics Advisory Op 21-02 [2021]) [Note: 2011-2022]

(NY St Bar Assn Comm on Prof Ethics Op 656 [1993])

(Bar Assn of Nassau County Comm on Prof Ethics Op 2-89 [1989])

(ABA Comm on Ethics & Prof Responsibility Formal Op 342 [1975]) [Note: American Bar Association opinion]

(NY City Bar Assn Comm on Prof Ethics Formal Op 2011-2 [2011])

(AMA Code of Med Ethics, Ops on Prac Matters E-8.081) [Note: American Medical Association opinion]

(2005 Ann Rep of NY Commn on Jud Conduct at 155)

(53 Rec of Assn of Bar of City of NY at 450 [1998])

(Matter of Gomez, NY City Conflicts of Interest Bd Case No. 2012-095)

Some suggested forms of ethics opinions in running text are as follows:

New York State Bar Association Committee on Professional Ethics Opinion 656 (1993) provides . . .

New York City Bar Association Committee on Professional Ethics Formal Opinion 2011-2 (2011) provides . . .

Use the basic citation forms below for statutory citations. For citations within parentheses, abbreviate references to statutory divisions and related notations in accordance with Appendix 3 (e.g. art, ch, para, renum, subd). Note that the word "Laws" should be abbreviated to "L" only in the context of session law references (e.g. L 2021, ch 417).

(1) Basic Citation Form

(2) Citation Strings and Multiple Statutory Citations

(3) Statutory Amendments, Additions, Renumbering and Repeals

(4) Former Statutes

(1) In General

Commercial statutory compilations often provide commentaries, statutory histories, reviser's notes, etc., following a statute or in an appendix. Citations to the book version should include the book number, and, if greater precision is desired, pinpoint page(s) and edition information. Citations to the electronic version do not require the book number. For citations within parentheses, abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3. Apply Appendix 4 as applicable.

(2) Citations within Parentheses

Cite as follows:

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 51)

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 51; see § 74) [Note: where only one section is cited before another cite to a different section of the same authority preceded by a signal, include only one section symbol in the initial citation and include a section symbol after the signal]

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes §§ 92, 94; see also 97) [Note: citation to an additional section following a signal where multiple sections are cited initially]

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Statutes § 94, Comment) [Note: online version]

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 62½, UCC 2-716, NY Annotations at 273 [2013 ed])

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 2, Const, Constitutional Interpretation § 43 [1969 ed])

(McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 94, Comment at 190 [1971 ed])

(Reviser's Notes, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, EPTL 3-5.1) [Note: online version]

(David D. Siegel, Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR C3401:1)

(Richard C. Reilly, Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, CPLR C5225:1, C5225:2) [Note: online version]

(Reilly, Prac Commentaries, CPLR C5225:9) [Note: acceptable subsequent citation to previously cited commentary]

(see Margaret Valentine Turano, 2018 Supp Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, EPTL 5-1.1-A) [Note: online version]

(Mark Bonacquist, 2011 Supp Prac Commentary, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 10B, Correction Law § 71-a, 2014 Supp Pamph at 59-60)

(Rose Mary Bailly & Barbara S. Hancock, 2012 Supp Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 23A, General Obligations Law § 5-1504, 2022 Pocket Part at 127)

(Advisory Comm Notes, reprinted following NY CLS, Book 4A, CPLR 105 at 48 [1999 ed])

(William C. Donnino, Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Penal Law § 250.45) [Note: online version]

(Law Rev Commn Comments, reprinted in McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 34A, Mental Hygiene Law § 81.10 at 451 [2020 ed])

(Brett S. Ward, Prac Insights, NY CLS, Book 44, Family Ct Act § 1051, 2019 Cum Supp at 362)

(Deborah S. Kearns, Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, SCPA 202) [Note: online version]

(Patrick M. Connors, 2013 Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 3012-b, 2022 Pocket Part at 68)

(see Vincent C. Alexander, Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 6501 at 464 [2010 ed])

(3) Citations in Running Text

Cite as follows:

McKinney's Consolidated Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 51 provides . . .

According to Constitutional Interpretation § 43 (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 2, Const [1969 ed]) . . .

David D. Siegel, Practice Commentaries (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR C3401:1), explains . . .

Richard C. Reilly, Practice Commentaries (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, CPLR C5225:1), explains . . . [Note: online version]

Mark Bonacquist, 2011 Supplementary Practice Commentary (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 10B, Correction Law § 71-a, 2014 Supp Pamph at 59-60), discusses . . .

As explained in Rose Mary Bailly and Barbara S. Hancock, 2012 Supplementary Practice Commentaries (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 23A, General Obligations Law § 5-1504, 2022 Pocket Part at 127), . . .

The Advisory Committee Notes following CPLR 105 (reprinted in NY CLS, Book 4A at 48 [1999 ed]) provide background . . .

According to the Reviser's Notes (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, EPTL 3-5.1) . . . [Note: online version]

As explained in Brett S. Ward, Practice Insights (NY CLS, Book 44, Family Ct Act § 1051, 2019 Cum Supp at 362), . . .

Law Revision Commission Comments (reprinted in McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 34A, Mental Hygiene Law § 81.10 at 451 [2020 ed]) state . . .

According to Patrick M. Connors in his 2013 Practice Commentaries (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 3012-b, 2022 Pocket Part at 68) . . .

Vincent C. Alexander (Prac Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 6501 at 464 [2010 ed]) has indicated . . .

(1) In General

New York session laws may be cited when referring to a statutory enactment not contained in the consolidated laws or to indicate the addition, amendment, renumbering or repeal of a consolidated law or division thereof. Citation may be made to the appropriate session and chapter as well as to the act's popular name or short title, if any. In addition, if the enactment is contained in McKinney's Unconsolidated Laws of New York or New York Consolidated Laws Service (CLS) Unconsolidated Laws, a citation to these compilations may be included. Subsequent references to an unconsolidated law's popular name or short title may appear in an abbreviated form (e.g. Emergency Tenant Protection Act of 1974 [ETPA] or Rent Stabilization Law of 1969 [RSL]), using a section sign (ETPA § 5). In addition, if a legislative bill has been enacted into law (signed by the Governor), the session law (year and chapter number) should be cited rather than the bill number.

(2) Citations within Parentheses

Do not abbreviate the first reference to the popular name or short title of an act. If desired, designate a short-form name or abbreviation for subsequent references (e.g. CEEFPA, ERAP, ETPA, HSTPA). Otherwise, for citations within parentheses, abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3. ✎ Updated in 2024: [Note: the following examples are predominantly to specific provisions in large and complex laws to show level of specificity and appropriate format]

Cite as follows:

(L 1962, ch 21, as amended)

(L 2017, ch 59, § 1, part WWW)

(Tenant Safe Harbor Act, L 2020, ch 127, § 2 [2] [a])

(COVID-19 Emergency Eviction and Foreclosure Prevention Act of 2020 [CEEFPA], L 2020, ch 381, § 3, part A, § 9 [2])

(COVID-19 Emergency Protect Our Small Businesses Act of 2021, L 2021, ch 73, § 3, part B, § 1, subpart A, § 10)

(COVID-19 Emergency Rental Assistance Program of 2021 [ERAP], L 2021, ch 56, § 1, part BB, § 1, subpart A, sec 1, § 3 [3], as amended by L 2021, ch 417, § 2, part A, § 1)

(Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 [HSTPA], L 2019, ch 36, § 1, part F, § 7)

(Abandoned Property Law § 103 [a], as amended by L 1944, ch 498)

(Nassau County Administrative Code § 5-14.0 [L 1939, ch 272, as amended by L 1939, ch 703])

(McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8605 [Local Emergency Housing Rent Control Act § 5, as added by L 1962, ch 21, § 1, as amended])

(NY CLS Uncons Laws, ch 249-A, § 1 [5] [Local Emergency Housing Rent Control Act § 5, as added by L 1962, ch 21, § 1, as amended])

(2022 McKinney's Sess Law News of NY, No. 5 at 1449 [L 2021, ch 551, § 1, amdg Education Law § 6527 (7)])

(1813 Rev Laws of NY, 36th Sess, ch IV, § VI [1 Van Ness & Woodworth rev at 326])

(McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 6266 [3] [Urban Development Corporation Act (UDCA) § 16 (3), as added by L 1968, ch 174, § 1, as amended])

Subsequent citation:

(Uncons Laws § 6266 [3] [UDCA § 16 (3)]) or (UDCA § 16 [3]) or (Uncons Laws § 6266 [3])

(Emergency Tenant Protection Act of 1974 [ETPA] § 5 [McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8625 (L 1974, ch 576, sec 4, § 5, as amended)])

Subsequent citation:

(ETPA § 5 [Uncons Laws § 8625]) or (ETPA § 5) or (Uncons Laws § 8625)

(3) Citations in Running Text

Cite as follows:

Laws of 1962 (ch 21, as amended) or chapter 21 of the Laws of 1962 (as amended)

Laws of 2017, chapter 59, § 1, part WWW

Section 7 of part F of the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 (L 2019, ch 36, § 1, part F, § 7)

Abandoned Property Law § 103 (a) (as amended by L 1944, ch 498)

Nassau County Administrative Code § 5-14.0 (L 1939, ch 272, as amended by L 1939, ch 703)

McKinney's Unconsolidated Laws of NY § 8605 (Local Emergency Housing Rent Control Act § 5, as added by L 1962, ch 21, § 1, as amended)

NY CLS Unconsolidated Laws, chapter 249-A, § 1 (5) (Local Emergency Housing Rent Control Act § 5, as added by L 1962, ch 21, § 1, as amended)

Emergency Tenant Protection Act of 1974 (ETPA) § 5 (McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8625 [L 1974, ch 576, sec 4, § 5, as amended])

Urban Development Corporation Act (UDCA) (L 1968, ch 174, § 1, as amended) § 31-a (McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 6281-a)

McKinney's Unconsolidated Laws of NY § 6266 (3) (Urban Development Corporation Act [UDCA] § 16 [3], as added by L 1968, ch 174, § 1, as amended)

(1) In General

Cite the United States Code if therein. Federal Public Laws or United States Statutes at Large may be cited to refer to an enactment not contained in the United States Code or to indicate the addition, amendment, renumbering or repeal of a law contained in the United States Code.

(2) Citations within Parentheses

Cite as follows:

(Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 USC § 18001 et seq., as added by Pub L 111-148, 124 US Stat 119)

(Social Security Act § 208 [42 USC § 408])

(Pub L 117-2, 135 US Stat 4 [117th Cong, Mar. 11, 2021] [American Rescue Plan Act of 2021], amdg 20 USC § 1094 [a] [24])

(Pub L 106-74, title V, § 531, 113 US Stat 1109, amdg Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability Act of 1997 § 524 [42 USC § 1437f Note])

(Act of May 31, 1790 § 1 [1st Cong, 2d Sess, ch 15], 1 US Stat 124, reprinted in Lib of Cong, Copyright Enactments, 1783-1900 at 30-32)

(Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 USC Appendix 2 § 3)

(18 USC Appendix 3 § 12)

(20 USC § 1400 [d] [1] [A]; see § 1412 [a] [1]) [Note: citations to multiple sections of the same USC volume with an intervening signal]

(3) Citations in Running Text

Cite as follows:

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (42 USC § 18001 et seq., as added by Pub L 111-148, 124 US Stat 119)

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 USC, ch 21, § 2000e et seq.)

Section 208 of the Social Security Act (42 USC § 408)

Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 USC Appendix 2 § 3)

18 USC Appendix 3 § 12

This principle is contained in title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 USC, ch 21, § 2000e et seq.) . . .

(1) Citations within Parentheses

Below are examples for citing the Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations of the State of New York (NYCRR) within parentheses. Abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3 as follows:

(2) Citations in Running Text

When cited in running text, interior brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:

12 NYCRR 23-1.7 (b) (1)

(3) Using Name of State Agency

To incorporate the name of a specific agency in the citation, see section 4.1 (b) (11). For citations within parentheses, abbreviate the agency name in accordance with Appendix 3.

✎ Updated in 2024: (4) Short-Form References

✎ Updated in 2024: A short-form reference may be used for subsequent citations to the same rule or regulation. See section 1.3.

✎ Updated in 2024: Immediately preceding authority:

✎ Updated in 2024: (18 NYCRR 413.2)

✎ Updated in 2024: Subsequent references:

✎ Updated in 2024: (§ 413.2) or (id. § 413.2 [a]) or ✎ Updated in 2024: (id. subd [a]) or (subd [a])

Generally, for citations within parentheses, abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3. Do not abbreviate statute names, except as allowed in Appendix 4.

Subsequent citations to particular rules that include a parallel reference to the NYCRR or Rules of the City of New York (RCNY) in the initial full citation need not include both sources.

Examples:

First citation: (Uniform Rules for Trial Cts [22 NYCRR] § 202.5)

Acceptable subsequent citations: (Uniform Rules for Trial Cts § 202.5) or (22 NYCRR 202.5)

First citation: Rent Stabilization Code (RSC) (9 NYCRR) § 2523.5 . . . [Note: use of a short-form name or abbreviation for a rule (e.g. RSC) is appropriate if included with the first full citation as here; however, use of abbreviations or short forms is not required]

Acceptable subsequent citations: RSC § 2523.5 . . . or Rent Stabilization Code § 2523.5 . . . or 9 NYCRR 2523.5 . . .

(1) Rules of the City of New York

(2) Rules of the Court of Appeals

(3) Rules of the Appellate Division

(4) Uniform Rules for the New York State Trial Courts

(5) Rules of the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court

(6) Rules of the Chief Administrator of the Courts

(7) Rules of Professional Conduct, Rules for Attorney Disciplinary Matters, Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, Rules Governing Judicial Conduct and Code of Judicial Conduct

(8) New York State Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code

The codes that comprise the New York State Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code should be cited individually as indicated by the examples below.

(9) International Property Maintenance Code and International Fire Code

(10) New York City Building Code

(11) New York State Agency Regulations

(12) New York City Agency Regulations

Below are examples for citing rent statutes and regulations within parentheses. Do not abbreviate names of legislative acts or statute names, except as allowed in Appendix 4. Do not abbreviate the first reference to the popular name or short title of an act. If desired, designate a short-form name or abbreviation for subsequent references. Abbreviate New York session laws in accordance with section 3.1 (d) and all other words in accordance with Appendix 3. If desired, designate a short-form name or abbreviation for subsequent references to enactments not appearing in Appendix 4. See section 3.1 (d).

(1) Citations within Parentheses

Cite as follows:

(Emergency Housing Rent Control Law § 4, as added by L 1946, ch 274 [McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8584])

(Emergency Tenant Protection Act of 1974 [ETPA] § 2 [McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8622] [L 1974, ch 576, sec 4, § 2, as amended])

(Emergency Tenant Protection Act of 1974 [ETPA] § 12 [a] [9] [McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8632 (a) (9) (L 1974, ch 576, sec 4, § 12 [a] [9]), as amended by Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 (HSTPA) (L 2019, ch 36, § 1, part F, § 2)])

(Emergency Tenant Protection Regs [9 NYCRR] § 2504.2)

(Local Emergency Housing Rent Control Act § 8, as added by L 1962, ch 21, § 1 [McKinney's Uncons Laws of NY § 8608])

(NY City Loft Bd Rules [29 RCNY] § 2-04)

(NY City Rent & Eviction Regs [9 NYCRR] § 2204.2)

(NY City Rent & Rehabilitation Law [Administrative Code of City of NY] § 26-408)

(NY St Rent & Eviction Regs [9 NYCRR] § 2104.1)

(Rent Stabilization Code [9 NYCRR] § 2523.5)

(Rent Stabilization Law of 1969 [Administrative Code of City of NY] § 26-504)

(Rent Stabilization Law of 1969 [Administrative Code of City of NY] § 26-511 [c] [9] [b], as amended by Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 [HSTPA] [L 2019, ch 36, § 1, part I, § 2])

(2) Citations in Running Text

Either abbreviations or the full names may be used in running text. Internal brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:

New York City Loft Board Rules (29 RCNY) § 2-04

Do not abbreviate words in the titles of instructions or charges, or statute names, except as allowed in Appendix 4. Otherwise, for citations within parentheses, abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3. For subsequent citations to the Criminal Jury Instructions (CJI), the URL need not be repeated.

(1) Pattern Jury Instructions (PJI)

Citation to charge:

(PJI 2:225)

Citation to comment:

(1 NY PJI3d 2:225 at 1225 [2007])

(1B NY PJI3d 2:150 at 841-843 [2010])

(NY PJI 2:225, Comment, Caveat 2) [Note: online treatise]

(2 NY PJI2d 3:45 at 425 [2009])

Citation to requests to charge:

(1A NY PJI3d, General Principles—Requests to Charge at 9 [2016])

In running text, convert internal brackets to parentheses.

(2) Criminal Jury Instructions (CJI)

Citation to online revised material

Citation to charge:

(CJI2d[NY] Penal Law § 125.10, https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/2-PenalLaw/125/125-10.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

(CJI2d[NY] Expanded Charge on Intent, https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Intent.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

(CJI2d[NY] Penal Law art 265, Intent to Use Unlawfully and Justification, https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/2-PenalLaw/265/AC.265.Intent_Justification.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

(CJI2d[NY] Statements [Admissions, Confessions]—Custodial Statements, https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Confession.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

Citation to charge and endnote:

(CJI2d[NY] Accessorial Liability n 8, https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Accessorial_Liability.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

Citation including revision date:

(CJI2d[NY] Accessorial Liability [last rev Aug. 3, 2004], https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Accessorial_Liability.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

(CJI2d[NY] Accessorial Liability [as rev July 29, 2002], https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Accessorial_Liability.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022]) [Note: to emphasize specific revision]

Charge to former crimes:

(CJI2d[NY] Penal Law former § 120.03 [1], [2] [crime committed Nov. 1, 1985, until June 8, 2005], https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/2-PenalLaw/120/120_Former_Charges/120-03.pdf [last accessed June 16, 2022])

In running text, convert internal brackets to parentheses.

(1) Citations within Parentheses

Below are examples for citing the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) within parentheses. Abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3 as follows:

✎ Updated in 2024: Short-form references

✎ Updated in 2024: Immediately preceding authority:

✎ Updated in 2024: (34 CFR 104.4 [b] [1] [iv])

✎ Updated in 2024: Subsequent references:

✎ Updated in 2024: (§ 104.4) or (id. § 104.4 [b] [1]) or (para [2]) or (id. para [2])

(2) Citations within Parentheses Including Date

Include date if greater precision is required, as follows:

(7 CFR 8.6 [2000])

(3) Citations in Running Text

When cited in running text, interior brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:

7 CFR 8.6 (2000)

For citations within parentheses, abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3 as follows:

(1) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

(2) Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure

(3) Federal Rules of Evidence

(4) Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure

(5) Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure

(6) Local Rules of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

(7) Local Rules of the United States District Courts

(NY Const art VI)

(NY Const, art VI, § 35)

(US Const, art III, § 3)

(US Const, art VI, cl 2)

(US Const, art I, § 8 [3])

(US Const, 14th Amend, § 1)

(US Const 14th, 15th Amends) or (US Const Fourteenth Amend) or (US Const Amend XIV)

(1821 NY Const, art I, § 1)

(US Const, art I, § 8, cl 3)

NY Constitution article VI

New York Constitution article VI

NY Constitution, article VI, § 35

US Constitution, article III, § 3

United States Constitution, article III, § 3

US Constitution, article VI, clause 2

article VI (cl 2) of the US Constitution

US Constitution, 14th Amendment, § 1

article I (§ 8 [3]) of the US Constitution

article I, § 8 (3) of the US Constitution

US Constitution 14th Amendment or US Constitution Fourteenth Amendment or US Constitution Amendment XIV or Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution or Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1821 New York Constitution, article VII, § 6

US Constitution, article I, § 8, clause 3

New York State Constitution, article XVI, § 3

Cite as follows:

(Treaty of Ghent, 8 US Stat 218 [1814])

(Bermuda Multilateral Telecommunications Agreement, 60 US Stat 1636, TIAS No. 1518 [1945])

(Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, 23 UST 2555, TIAS No. 7444 [1970])

(Warsaw Convention art 17, 49 US Stat 3000, 3018, reprinted following 49 USCA § 40105)

(Convention for International Carriage by Air art 2, May 28, 1999, reprinted in S Treaty Doc No. 106-45, 1999 WL 33292734, 1999 UST LEXIS 175 [Montreal Convention])

(Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards art II [2], 21 UST 2517, TIAS No. 6997 [1958])

(Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations art 31 [1], 23 UST 3227, TIAS No. 7502 [1961])

Cite as follows:

Treaty of Ghent (8 US Stat 218 [1814])

Bermuda Multilateral Telecommunications Agreement (60 US Stat 1636, TIAS No. 1518 [1945])

Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters (23 UST 2555, TIAS No. 7444 [1970])

Warsaw Convention article 17 (49 US Stat 3000, 3018, reprinted following 49 USCA § 40105)

Convention for International Carriage by Air article 2 (reprinted in S Treaty Doc No. 106-45, 1999 WL 33292734, 1999 UST LEXIS 175 [May 28, 1999] [Montreal Convention])

Article II (2) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (21 UST 2517, TIAS No. 6997 [1958])

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations article 31 (1) (23 UST 3227, TIAS No. 7502 [1961])

(1) Generally

A website itself or specific content on a website may be cited. To cite a website, provide the name of the website, the uniform resource locator (URL) precisely as it appears in the Internet browser and the date the website was accessed. To cite specific content, provide the name of the author, if any; a description of the content, such as a heading or document title; the publication date; the precise URL; and, in order of preference, the date that the content was last updated or accessed. Add a page reference or other pinpoint citation if desired after the description. If the particular document or page referenced cannot be directly accessed using the URL, add the necessary navigation instructions to the citation. Do not abbreviate words in the name of the website or the title of the document. Otherwise, for citations within parentheses, abbreviate in accordance with Appendix 3.

(2) Citation Style to Website

(New York State Law Reporting Bureau, https://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/ [last accessed Apr. 12, 2022])

(Internal Revenue Service, https://www.irs.gov/ [last accessed June 16, 2022])

(3) Citation to a Document or Page on a Website

(Leah Chan Grinvald & Ofer Tur-Sinai, Intellectual Property Law and the Right to Repair, 88 Fordham L Rev 63 [2019], available at https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol88/iss1/3 [last accessed May 17, 2022])

(see Adrian Dungan, Individual Income Tax Shares, Tax Year 2016, Statistics of Income Bulletin, US Govt Printing Off [winter 2019], available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/soi-a-ints-id1901.pdf [last accessed May 19, 2022])

If an Internet document or page is no longer available at the original URL, but has been preserved through caching, cite as follows:

(Regents Proposal on State Aid to School Districts for 2004-05 at 48, cached at https://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/webdocs/Regents_Item.htm, formerly available at https://emsc32.nysed.gov/stateaidworkgroup/2004-05%20RSAP/RSAP0405.htm)

(4) Weblog Citation

For citations to weblogs (blogs), follow the general citation style above, including the author's name, the name of the weblog, the title of the article or entry, the URL and the date of the posting, as follows:

(Eugene Volokh, Reason: The Volokh Conspiracy, Mandatory Employee COVID Tests Don't Violate Religious Freedom Rights or Fourth Amendment, https://reason.com/volokh/2022/05/11/mandatory-employee-covid-tests-dont-violate-religious-freedom-rights-or-fourth-amendment/ [May 11, 2022, 8:01 a.m.])

(Mridula Raman, SCOTUSblog, A prisoner's bid to develop new evidence rests on a 233-year-old statute about judicial writs, https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/04/a-prisoners-bid-to-develop-new-evidence-rests-on-a-233-year-old-statute-about judicial writs/ [Apr. 25, 2022, 9:38 a.m.])

(5) Pinpoint Citation

(A. Joseph Warburton, Trusts Versus Corporations: An Empirical Analysis of Competing Organizational Forms at 2 n 3 [Jan. 1, 2010], Syracuse University College of Law Faculty Scholarship Paper 84, https://surface.syr.edu/lawpub/84/ [click download])

(6) Navigation Instructions

(NY St Cts Elec Filing [NYSCEF] Doc No. 38, Westreich aff, exhibit 1 at 1, https://iapps.courts.state.ny.us/nyscef/CaseSearch [complete CAPTCHA, search by case index No. 650793/2014, click on index No. hyperlink])

(7) Direct or Parallel Citation

Precede the URL with the term "available at" when the Internet material is also available in print, but omit the term when the Internet is the sole source of the material.

(8) Commercial Electronic Databases

For citations to a document contained in a commercial electronic database (e.g. Westlaw or Lexis), provide a complete citation to the document in accordance with general citation style, and also provide the name of the database if not apparent from the citation. If the database assigns an identifier (a unique series of letters or numbers) to the document, include that information.

When citing to a treatise contained in a commercial electronic database, include the date of the last update along with the edition that can be found in the electronic version. For guidance as to the specific use of commercial electronic databases in case citations, see section 2.4 (a).

(1) Specific References

Full names of specific government bodies and officials are capitalized. Short-form references may be capitalized or lowercased as follows:

the New York State Legislature, but

the Legislature or the legislature

the Ways and Means Committee, but

the Committee or the committee

the Social Security Administrator, but

the Administrator or the administrator

the Zoning Board of Appeals of the Town of Saugerties, but

the Board or the board

the New York City Water Board Treasurer, but

the Treasurer or the treasurer

the Chair of the Public Service Commission, but

the Chair or the chair

the New York County Coroner, but

the Coroner or the coroner

Assistant District Attorney Smith, but

the Assistant District Attorney, or the Assistant or the assistant district attorney or the assistant

Governor Hochul, but

the Governor or the governor

Mayor Lewis, but

the Mayor or the mayor

Public Defender James Baker, but

the Public Defender or the public defender

the New York State Police, but

the State Police or the state police

the People of the State of New York, but

the People or the people

(2) General References

General references to government bodies and officials should not be capitalized:

a district rent administrator

a zoning board of appeals

treasurers

a mayor

a county court

a justice court

appellate courts

a supreme court

a family court

a surrogate's court

court below

hearing court

IAS court

lower court

motion court

suppression court

sentencing court

trial court

(1) Judge or Justice

Capitalize "Judge" or "Justice" when part of a personal name (Judge White).

Short-form references to a specific judge or justice are also capitalized. For example:

The decision was written by Justice Jones of the New York Supreme Court. The Justice reasoned . . .

General references to "judge" or "justice" are not capitalized, except when referring to a judge or justice of a named court. For example:

Many judges have written . . .

but

Many Judges of the New York Court of Appeals have written . . .

(2) Other Judicial Officers

Capitalize the following when part of a personal name or when used as a short-form reference to a specific individual:

Administrative Law Judge

Referee

Special Referee

Surrogate

Workers' Compensation Law Judge

Judicial Hearing Officer

Hearing Examiner

Magistrate

Support Magistrate

General references to these judicial officers are not capitalized:

an administrative law judge

the referees

the judicial hearing officers

Do not capitalize:

trial judge

trial justice

(1) Titles of Acts, Ordinances, Regulations, etc.

Capitalize the titles of acts, ordinances, regulations, etc.: Urban Development Corporation Act, Emergency Tenant Protection Regulations, Zoning Ordinance of the Town of Bedford.

In general, lowercase the words "act," "statute," "ordinance," "regulation," "code," etc., when standing alone. However, references to these words may be capitalized when standing alone if used as a short form after the first mention of a fully identified specific enactment not appearing in Appendix 4.

Lowercase general references to federal, state and municipal codes, such as housing regulations, steel code, oil code and building code.

Lowercase statute of limitations, statute of frauds and rule against perpetuities.

(2) Popular Names of Acts and Constitutional Clauses

Capitalize the popular names of federal and state acts and constitutional clauses, for example: Dead Man's Statute, No-Fault Law, Federal Clean Water Act, Due Process Clause, Equal Protection Clause, Gift or Loan Clause, Speech or Debate Clause.

When multiple constitutional clauses are discussed, the word "Clauses" is capitalized: Takings and Due Process Clauses

(3) Constitutions

Capitalize constitution when referring to the specific constitution of any nation or state, but lowercase it as a general term.

New York Constitution or New York State Constitution

the State Constitution

a state constitution

state constitutional

United States Constitution or Federal Constitution

Capitalize amendments to the constitution when referred to by number, such as the Fifteenth Amendment. When referred to by name, capitalize if the full title is given, such as the Child Labor Amendment; but lowercase "amendment" as a general term—"a constitutional amendment."

(1) Spelling Out

In general, numbers up to and including nine should be spelled out and numbers above nine should be denoted by figures. However, the style of the larger numbers controls the style of the smaller ones, when used in the same context (e.g. "The victim was uncertain whether the gunman used an 8-, 10-, or 20-shot handgun"). Ordinarily, spell out numbers that begin a sentence (e.g. "Forty-five men were injured in the battle"). As an exception to the general rule, counts of an indictment should appear as numerals (e.g. "Defendant contends that his conviction under count 3 must be dismissed").

(2) Dollar Amounts

Figures may be used for dollar amounts of any size: $1, $50, $1 million.

(3) Fractions

Fractions standing alone should be spelled out as follows:

two-thirds share

one-third-inch pipe

one half the farm

Fractions accompanied by whole numbers should appear in numerical form as follows:

3¾ shares

10½ barrels

(4) Roman Numerals

Retain Roman numerals that are used in articles of federal and state constitutions and statutes, proper names, names of events and otherwise in accordance with standard authorities. Roman numerals may be used alone or with text as a heading to delineate paragraphs or sections of an opinion.

(5) Criminal Sentences

(6) Firearms

Reference to specific types of firearms should appear in the form that follows:

9 millimeter

.38 caliber

12 gauge

(7) Sex Offender Risk Levels, Prisoner Disciplinary Hearings, Attorney Disciplinary Charges and State Retirement Tiers

Reference to sex offender risk levels, prison disciplinary hearings, attorney disciplinary charges and state retirement tiers should appear as follows:

charge one

tier III disciplinary hearing

level three sex offender

risk factor 8

tier 3 [Note: New York State retirement level]

(8) Ages

four year old, but

four-year-old child

(9) Numbered Lists

When using numbers to identify items in a list that is interwoven in a sentence, place the numbers within parentheses. If the list is in columnar format, omit the parentheses and add a period after each number. For example:

Two principal issues were addressed: (1) whether section 6-2 was inconsistent with state law; and (2) whether parts of the subject code were inconsistent.

Three officers comprised the board:

1. president
2. vice president
3. secretary-treasurer

(10) Ordinals

In citations, figures representing ordinal numbers ending in 2 or 3 should use "-d" rather than "-nd" or "-rd." For example: (S Rep 103-361, 103d Cong, 2d Sess). However, "-nd" and "-rd" should be used in running text as follows: "The 102nd Congress could not pass a rule that would bind the 103rd Congress." For purposes of spacing, numbers, including ordinals, are treated as single capital characters, which should abut only other single capital characters (e.g. NY3d and AD3d, but Misc 3d).

(1) General Rule

Use numerals with symbols (5¢, $9, 15%). For numbers up to nine, words may be used with words (five cents, nine dollars, two percent). The style of the larger numbers controls the style of the smaller ones ("the unemployment rate ranged from 5% to 13%" not "the unemployment rate ranged from five percent to 13%").

(2) Distances and Measurements

Distances and measurements should be treated as follows:

100 feet by 100 feet, not 100' x 100'

10 inches, not 10"

90 degrees, not 90°

When all numbers in a distance or measurement are less than 10, spell out the numbers.

Example: five feet, nine inches but 5 feet, 11 inches

(3) Percentage

.21% blood alcohol content

or

.21 of one percent blood alcohol content

(1) Names in Appeal Statements

In appeal statements, use the full name of the judge.

(2) Names in Running Text

The name of the judge in running text may, but need not, include the full name:

The decision of Justice Pound (later Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals) at Special Term . . .

Chancellor Kent's opinion pointed the way . . .

Judge Edward T. Bartlett of the Court of Appeals said . . .

(3) Name at Opinion Opening

At the opening of each opinion the name of the judge appears as follows:

Chief Judge DiFiore

Stark, J.

First names may be added to avoid ambiguity:

Patricia D. Marks, J.

(4) Names in Parentheses

(Smith, J.) [for Judge/Justice]

(Smith, Ch. J.) [for Chief Judge]

(Smith, P.J.) [for Presiding Justice]

(Smith, J.P.) [for Justice Presiding]

(Smith, S.M.) [for Support Magistrate]

(Smith, H.E.) [for Hearing Examiner]

(Smith, Special Ref.) [for Special Referee]

(Smith, J.H.O.) [for Judicial Hearing Officer]

(Smith, S.) [for Surrogate]

(Smith, A.J.) [for Acting Judge/Justice]

(1) Generally

An ellipsis is three periods, with spaces before each and after the third ( . . . ).

Do not use an ellipsis at the beginning of a quotation.

The omission of punctuation or one or more words from the middle of a quotation is indicated by an ellipsis.

The omission of a paragraph(s) from a multiple-paragraph quotation is indicated by an ellipsis placed at the end of the line of text preceding the omission.

The omission of internal quotation marks or case citations from a quotation is indicated by a parenthetical, such as (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), in which case ellipses are not necessary.

The omission of brackets or ellipses from a quotation is indicated by a parenthetical such as (alterations omitted).

(2) Using Ellipsis with a Period

Use an ellipsis followed by a period to indicate one or more words omitted at the end of a quoted sentence if the quoted portion that remains is an independent clause (last quoted word . . . .). Otherwise, use only a period.

Indicate an omission between quoted sentences as follows if retention of the period is desired:

If the end of the preceding sentence is omitted, insert an ellipsis followed by a period (last quoted word of preceding sentence . . . . First word of next sentence).

If the beginning of the succeeding sentence is omitted, insert an ellipsis after the period that concludes the preceding sentence (last word of preceding sentence. . . . [F]irst quoted word of next sentence).

Indicate omission of a full sentence(s) between quoted sentences by retaining the period at the end of the last word of the sentence preceding the omission and inserting an ellipsis between the period and the first word of the next quoted sentence (last word of preceding sentence. . . . First word of next sentence).

(3) Using Ellipsis with Other Punctuation

Include other punctuation (comma, semicolon, etc.) from the source if required for the sense or grammar of the quoted sentence. Place the ellipsis before the punctuation if the omitted material precedes the punctuation (word . . . , next word). Place the ellipsis after the punctuation if the omitted material follows the punctuation (word, . . . next word).

(1) Children

The name of any person younger than 18 years old should not appear in any published opinion. This includes the surname of an adoptive child (Domestic Relations Law § 112 [4]) and the name of a subject of a youthful offender proceeding (see CPL 720.35 [2]). Nor should any opinion contain the surname of any person, such as a parent, who shares a surname with the child.

(2) Other Persons

The names of affected persons should not appear in any published opinion where court records are made confidential by law or where the sensitivity or circumstances of the case raise privacy concerns. For example:

(3) How to Redact

If reference to protected personal names is necessary, use real or fictitious initials or other formats that shield the person from identification. For example, George Jones may be replaced by George J., or G.J., or George RR or Anonymous.

(1) Account Numbers

Numerical identifiers such as Social Security numbers; bank, credit and debit card numbers, insurance policy numbers and other financial account numbers; and driver's license numbers should not appear in any published opinion.

(2) Birth Dates

The exact date of birth of any individual should not appear in any published opinion.

(3) How to Redact

If reference to numerical identifiers is necessary, only the last three or four digits should be used (e.g. xxx-xx-1234). If reference to date of birth is necessary, use only the year (e.g. xx/xx/1975).